In his work, On
the Free Choice of the Will, St. Augustine attempts to solve the
problem of evil, as presented by Anselm, using the free will defense. Augustine claims that God gave mankind
freedom of will and the ability to use his will for good or for evil; however,
he also claims that evil is not learned
: "Learning is good,
therefore we do not learn evil." (page 1?) I find this line of the argument problematic for a few
reasons. (Actually I find this
sentence to be rather false).
First of all, St. Augustine believes that knowledge should and can very
well support faith in God; and that all knowledge must be good, as it reflects
the genius of an unsurpassable great and highest being. But since evil is present in the world,
as man uses God's gift of free will defectively, it would seem that some
knowledge - that is - some things known to man are also defective; unreflective
of the goodness of God. For
example, I would imagine it is quite apparent that hatred and prejudice are
learned characteristics. While
prejudice is also truly a consequence of ignorance, I think it can be said that
such blind hatred does not arise without particular ascertained conceptions of
a group or of an individual. These
conceptions are often passed from person to person; from parent to child. Granted that there can be such
knowledge that is false and knowledge that is true, does it not follow that
knowledge could either be reflecting God or not reflecting God? Second, given what I’ve just made claim
to, such knowledge that does not reflect the goodness of God might be used to
create evil. If man has access to
knowledge, which can incite hatred or promote cruelty, then he is learning it
or has learned it at some time.
Furthermore, man’s learning of something is (for Augustine) his
interpretation of the eternal unchanging law of the universe. Man uses reason to examine the content
of his perceptions and to judge his own thoughts and actions throughout life. But much of what man seeks to know
about the universe is dependent upon his motivation for wanting specific
knowledge. If his motivation is to
seek ways in which he can be more pious and more like God, then he will seek to
learn knowledge that is good – knowledge that is reflective of God’s
truth. However, if man seeks to
make evil upon the earth, then he will seek to learn knowledge that will fuel
evil – knowledge that is Godless.
I suppose the problem with the falsification of the claim “Learning is
good, therefore we do not learn evil” is founded in the possible implications
this might have on his argument about free will. If knowledge can be true or false, then I suppose we could
say that learning can be bad and that we can learn evil. Would these ideas I’ve examined lend
themselves to criticizing Augustine’s claim that evil does not come from
God? More particularly, is mankind wholly responsible for his evil doings if evil is something learned?
The statement which you have chosen to focus on, "Learning is good, therefore we do not learn evil," is a nice place to focus our attention. Such a general statement presented with such certainty and authority may seem like an easy target for scrutiny, but it is deceptively complex, and you've unpacked some its issues nicely here. I agree that not all learning is good, and that evil can be learned to a certain extent, which brings me to your last question: "Is mankind wholly responsible for his evil doings if evil is something learned?" Even if we are to accept Augustine's notion that evil does not come from God, it is still possible that mankind is not entirely responsible for its evil deeds, because evil can be learned from sources other than people; nature, for example.
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